Ascites in dogs

What is ascites?
Ascites is the abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneum, that is, the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity. There may compression of the diaphragm due to enlarged abdomen and thus interfere with breathing. It is common in dogs and endangers the dogs life in extreme cases, when large amount of fluid is produced or rapidly produced. In dog the ascitic fluid may go up to 20 litres.

What are causes of ascites in dogs?
(a) Severe liver diseases like hepatitis and liver cirrhosis leads to
decreased albumin production or by increased resistance to blood
flow within the liver.
(b) Congestive cardiac failure, cardiac insufficiency.
(c) Peritonitis- inflammation of peritoneum which causes leakage of
intestinal contents.
(d) Compression of mesenteric vein and lymphatic vessels by large
tumor and cyst
(e) Infestation of dog by heart worms causing cardiac failure.
(f) Bleeding disorder which might be inherited or due to ingestion of
poison.
(g) Malabsorption of protein and excessive loss of protein through
faeces.
(h) Retention of sodium due to renal insufficiency.

What are the signs and symptoms of ascites in dogs?
Swollen abdomen or abdominal distention will be seen in dog and it may assume a pear shaped appearance. Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy is seen.The dog is anemic, pale, weak with sunken eyes and the ribs are visible very prominently. Dog refuses to eat food. There is increase heart rate and accelerated respiration rate . Temperature may remain within the normal range. Coughing is seen which may be due to heart disease. Breathing difficulty is seen in the dog and the dog is inclined to lie down.

How is ascites diagnosed in dogs?
Ascites is diagnosed by
(a) Clinical findings like enlarged abdomen, etc
(b) Urinalysis
(c) Blood test
(d) X-rays
(e) Biochemical profile.

How is ascites treated in dogs?
The lines of treatment for ascites are as follows
(a) Diuretics such as thiazide or lasix
(b) Spironolactone – potassium sparing diuretics
(c) Corticosteroid as supportive therapy
(d) Blood transfusion in case of ascites due to trauma
(e) Antibiotic is given in case of infection
(f) Vitamins and minerals to restore vitality
The dog should be fed with high protein and low sodium diet. Routine deworming of the dog. In serious cases, ascites is treated by “paracentesis abdominalis” where a needle or trocar and canula is inserted in the site between the umbilicus and pubis close to the linea alba. This is done to drain out the excessive fluids from the peritoneum.